I edited the example code and removed all I. delayMicroseconds () will work in the interrupt routine because it just sits in a busy loop. Theremino is a theremin built with an Arduino UNO and two ultrasound sensors. Basically, I found out that delayMicroseconds(x) delays (on Arduino UNO, 16MHz) 7 Clock cycles for (x = 0, 1) 14 Clock cycles Short for (x >= 2) I noticed a too quick delay on 'x = 2' case. Using Arduino Microcontrollers. ini」 に修. 4 times faster than normal. The off-the-shelf micros() function has a resolution of 1/256th of about a millisecond, so pick 4, 8 or 12. Click the "Timer2_Counter_Basic_Example. On 16 MHz Arduino boards (e. So is timer 2 responsible for the delay() and delaymicroseconds() on mega? I did not find any resource mentioning. I am using an UNO for my project. I was wondering what the difference between these. Duemilanove and Nano), this function has a resolution of four microseconds (i. c for details. The next step is to define the DRV8825 to Arduino connections and the motor interface type. delayMicroseconds () deaktiviert ab Arduino 0018 keine Interrupts mehr. h","path":"cores/arduino/Arduino. The sensor is composed of two ultrasonic transducers. Pauses the program for the amount of time (in microseconds) specified as parameter. The SmartDelay class for non blocking delays in arduino sketches. 10 kHz is a bit fast in my opinion for the. 1us (1/8000000). Timers 0 and 2 count from 0 to 255, but timer 1 goes all the way to 65535! These numbers represent the clock cycles that these timers use to keep track of time. If the parameter is calculated inside of a user code, this zero can be unexpected outcome leading to the confusing huge delay. If you need better resolution, micros () may be the way to go. I did a bit more digging, and apparently the ESP8266 does support microsecond timers through ets_timer_arm_new () where the last parameter is zero. For delays longer than a few thousand microseconds, you should use delay() instead. Description. 2. From the arduino reference page for delay the parameter for delay is an unsigned long. 1 on windows 10 and I'm getting something very strange. This version. 1밀리초는 1000 마이크로 초, 1초는 100만 마이크로 초. Arduino - Tone without delay. 5 Hz one “cycle” takes 17391304,34 ns. The motor interface type must be set to 1 when using a step and direction driver. g. 882 milliseconds. print("Distance: "); Serial. Certain things do go on while the delay () function is controlling the Atmega chip, however, because the delay function does not disable interrupts. Using Arduino Programming Questions jaainaveen February 21, 2019, 5:29am 1 I have been working on an LED controller that uses a Return-to-zero protocol. I also added in delay () for values in milliseconds. For delays longer than a few thousand microseconds, you should use delay() instead. /* Delay for the given number of microseconds ( 1% accurate of clock rate >20 ) max we can pass on 8MHz -> 65535, on 16MHz its 32768 and for 20MHz its only 13107 due to having to times 5, then divide by 2 :-( */ void delayMicroseconds(uint16_t us) { // playing around with altering _us_ means we top out early on the max value we can pass. 2. Click Upload button on Arduino IDE to upload code to Arduino. It offers excellent non-contact range detection with high accuracy and stable readings in an easy-to-use package from 2 cm to 400 cm or 1” to 13 feet. delayMicroseconds (0) delays far longer than expected. 注意. Briefly, our Arduino has three different timers numbered 0, 1 and 2. On standard servos a parameter value of 1000 is fully counter-clockwise, 2000 is fully clockwise, and 1500 is in the middle. The first is a problem of calling it with an argument of 0 leading to a ~17mS delay. Copy the above code and open with Arduino IDE. how to create a 1 second delay Arduino. Duemilanove and Nano. Điều này là không thể, bởi vì (value) nhỏ nhất =0, khi đó nếu ) cho bằng 0 thì nó sẽ không đếm được sự kiện. delayMicroseconds () deaktiviert ab Arduino 0018 keine Interrupts mehr. Jeg_1 March 22, 2017, 6:27pm 3. 25 and 0. The actual range varies by manufacturer, model and, I believe, production run. However I would like to get a step up and simulate higher frequencies, up to 10000 Hz. I have included a wiring diagram and 3 example codes. millis () and micros () overflow periodically. delay (200) = 2 Hz at the flow computer. I read other answers before asking this question, but they rely on the time module, which prior to Python 3. g. Wir können nicht garantieren, dass delayMicroseconds () genau für kürzere Verzögerungszeiten funktionieren. They all use the Arduino timers in the background. The delayMicroseconds function, on the other hand, does not yield to other tasks, so using it for delays more than 20 milliseconds is not recommended. The following code controls a syringe pump, powered by a NEMA 17 Stepper motor that is driven with an a4988 stepper driver. 4. Currently, the largest value that will produce an accurate delay is 16383. refer to writeMicroseconds () Writes a value in microseconds (uS) to the servo, controlling the shaft accordingly. As we want the delay of 1 microsecond, the timer frequency must be (1/ (1 us)), i. I have replaced the atmega328 with an Attiny85 which i am still programming with the plain language of the arduino IDE. in the interrupt, you can yieldfromISR , taskgivefromISR etc this way you can get a deterministic hard RTOS . As you pointed out delay works fine in Arduino IDE, if you consider Arduino as component to be unsupported then please close this issue!Measuring the Speed of Sound With Arduino Microcontroller and Ultrasonic Sensor: My 6 year old daughter, Samatha, demonstrates how to measure the speed of sound in air with Arduino Uno microcontroller and ultrasonic sensor. I found that the following works more stable: range = (SysTick->LOAD + 1); return (ms * 1000) + ( (range - st) / (range / 1000)); This converts the counter in a scaled up counting value which is added to the milliseconds. It seems like delayMicroseconds () is much easier for my application, but it is not very accurate. 30 microsecond (Low) 1. Using Arduino Programming Questions. So my configTICKRATEHZ is default -> (TickType_t) 1000) Can i implement in terms of FreeRTOS a delaymicrosecnods function? Freertos makes use of SysTickHandler. the LED lights up at half capacity, as if it had a duty cycle of 50% (as you would expect when delayMicroseconds is being skipped). Well, if you could manage a 1 clock delay, perhaps with a nop; type command, the duration could be 1/48 MHZ, ~ 20. us: 一時停止する時間。. The initialize function takes in the time in microseconds for. println(" cm");. through the serial communication. void delayMicroseconds(unsigned int us) { // for the 16 MHz clock on most Arduino boards // for a one-microsecond delay, simply return. Board. i. Sorted by: 2. Không. The micros () function returns the number of microseconds from the time, the Arduino board begins running the current program. There are a thousand microseconds in a millisecond, and a million microseconds in a second. There are a thousand microseconds in a millisecond, and a million microseconds in a second. x that does not require using a hardware timer peripheral and an ISR? I’m thinking similar to the Arduino delayMicroseconds() function. txt to re-calibrate the delay, but that really does not matter so much as you do not ever need to use delay anyway. Being new here you might think this is having rules for the sake of rules, but that is not the case. The millis () function counts in milliseconds and starts over from the beginning every 50 days. This occurs in a systematic way and on both cores. Description. But make sure to do the time unit conversion and pass to it the desired time in milliseconds. I have been working on an LED controller that uses a Return-to-zero protocol that requires me to send high and low signals at delays of 0. This could change in future Arduino releases. A partir da versão Arduino 0018, delayMicroseconds () não mais desativa interrupções. Não é possível assegurar que delayMicroseconds() irá funcionar corretamente para valores menores. On 16 MHz Arduino boards (e. I will need to delay for 10 microseconds and turn on a sec output pin for 30-40 micro seconds. Description. Also keep in mind that the Arduino digitalWrite function is rather slow (it has to map the Arduino pin numbers to PORT/pin), so in your case it would be better to write to the PORT/pin directly. The second ISR would be connected to the Timer. The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine the distance to an object. I need to get six leds to blink without delay in microseconds (four ms resolution is more than enough). The Arduino Due has a MCLK/2 clock of 42 MHz, which would give me a resolution of 23. Essa função funciona bastante precisamente para valores maiores que 3 microssegundos. So, you have to do something more like: for ( n = 1; n< 50; n++ ) { digitalWrite (pin, HIGH ); delayMicroseconds ( 2000 ); // send a 2ms pulse. sleep is the time to delay in seconds (not milliseconds). It always. It's not advisable to make the tick period any shorter than 1ms. 미래의 아두이노 릴리스에서 바뀔 수 있다. @16Mhz, there are 16 instructions per microsecond. The argument passed into time. doesn't work with delays <1 ms. I believe this is better than the existing routines when using 8 or 16Mhz clocks and it obviously caters for any other clock frequency by using F_CPU. elapsedMillis. The advantages of this photoelectric water liquid level sensor are good sensitivity. delayMicrosecond bugs. I'm trying to produce a square wave at a specific frequency on pin 8 of the Arduin Digital (PWM). It should be something you could tweak for the desired result -- if you have a way. Hiện tại, giá trị. Internally, esp_timer uses a 64-bit hardware timer, where the implementation depends on the target. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The HC-SR04 is an inexpensive, easy to use ultrasonic distance sensor, with a range of 2 to 400 cm. A typical servo uses 1500 microseconds as a center position signal. */ void delayMicroseconds (unsigned int us) { // calling avrlib's delay_us () function with low values (e. It is a function that sits in a loop for the number of milliseconds that you give it as an argument. 11us per degree. The Arduino core uses hardware Timer0 with its ISR (Interrupt Service Routine) for timekeeping. Inside this timer ISR you would reset/disable the timer, then process your delayed action and return. This number represents the time and is measured in microseconds. Currently, the largest value that will produce an accurate delay is 16383. hatenablog. It is possible to blink in microseconds with four microsecond resolution, or to blink in ms with four ms resolution, or to belink in ms with four microsecond resolution. For delays longer than a few thousand. delay(60000); // 1 minute = 60x1000 = 60,000 milliseconds. 2. are you sure that you want a 1 microsecond delay? 1 microsecond = 0,000001 seconds Without. So in summary, this gives you clock cycle accurate delays when a constant is used, and not bad accuracy for non-constants. These last four options are achieved by various combinations of the RS1 and RS2 control bits. Hello friends, I have a problem with an ESP32, I have two model Metal. Currently, the largest value that will produce an accurate delay is 16383. Currently, the largest value that will produce an accurate delay is 16383. delayMicroseconds () incorrect. void setup () {. This could change in future Arduino releases. However, this crashes my ESP32 every time. A partir da versão Arduino 0018, delayMicroseconds () não mais desativa interrupções. 2. 050. Delay digunakan jika dalam pemberian perintah Input dan Output ingin diberikan waktu jeda untuk perintah khusus tertentu. Serial. Cooperative multitasking for Arduino, ESPx, STM32 and other microcontrollers. It should be noted that: the arguments to these macros should be compile-time constants, they can be floating point; the macros are cycle-accurate, e. Which can be used to create a time base for various events in your applications (like LED blinking, short pulse generation, or whatever). Similarly, there is a WE (Write enable) pin which, when given low pulse of width less than 1 microsecond, writes to selected byte taking data from I/O pins. This number will overflow (go back to zero), after approximately 70 minutes. Servos have integrated gears and a shaft that can be precisely controlled. You can try it yourself on the free online Arduino blink code simulator playground. You should see different times if you wait for the serial output to finish:Microsecond delay within taskPosted by pugglewuggle on December 24, 2014Is there any method of doing this with FreeRTOS 8. The digitalWrite () function takes a substantial portion of your 20. 03 「Arduinoでパルスを読み取る方法」をまとめで紹介しました。 2019. We simply need to connect the control pin of the servo to any digital pin of the Arduino board, connect the Ground and the positive wires to the external 5V power supply, and also connect the Arduino ground to the servo ground. Which produces ~11. It only takes a minute to sign up. jaainaveen February 21, 2019, 5:29am 1. use delayMicroseconds for finer timing resolution if needed. Returns the number of microseconds since the Arduino board began running the current program. The first arduino holds the line high for 100ms using the delay () method, the other arduino is sending the data during this time, but the I2C receive interrupt is not being triggered. Description. For my program: Loop. ino" file to open it in your Arduino IDE. Since delay() requires interrupts to work, it will not work if called inside an ISR. A partir da versão Arduino 0018, delayMicroseconds () não. Não é possível assegurar que delayMicroseconds () irá funcionar corretamente para valores menores. Certain things do go on while the delay () function is controlling the Atmega chip, however, because the delay function does not disable interrupts. This could change in future Arduino releases. I am using an UNO for my project. Unzip the package from point 1. I just started using Arduino and so far I've used both delay () and delayMicroseconds (). I will try TaskScheduler. I noticed that the delayMicroseconds () only accepts whole numbers meaning, it won't allow me to create 0. Pauses the program for the amount of time (in microseconds) specified as parameter. This library enables you to use Interrupt from Hardware Timers on an Arduino, Adafruit or Sparkfun AVR board, such as Nano, UNO, Mega, Leonardo, YUN, Teensy, Feather_32u4, Feather_328P, Pro Micro, etc. It also allows to drive and manage the elements necessary to operate a digital milling machine (CNC). Diese Funktion arbeitet im Bereich von 3 Mikrosekunden und mehr sehr genau. There are a thousand microseconds in a millisecond, and a million microseconds in a second. Random thoughts: On the 8MB machines, you need a third pop to remove the third byte of the PC from the stack. Pauses the program for the amount of time (in microseconds) specified as parameter. There are a thousand microseconds in a millisecond, and a. This could change in future Arduino releases. the value returned is always a multiple of four). ino" file to open it in your Arduino IDE. On the boards from the Arduino Portenta family this function has a resolution of one microsecond on all cores. . Click the "Timer2_Counter_Basic_Example. Description. What should ı do to adding microsecond delay? Here is the sample code : for(int32_t i = stepper1. I noticed that the delayMicroseconds () only accepts whole numbers meaning, it won't. For example, consider we have to print some numbers on the serial. Hi guys. You should explicitly declare your delay value as an. Principle of operation. The delay function pauses the execution of your sketch for the duration of the delay. Description. Majenko is perfectly right: you cannot expect much accuracy from an Arduino clocked by a ceramic resonator. You can use delayMicroseconds to delay short periods. When ı create a task using xTaskCreate() function and adding some delay in the task function. e. Returns the length of the pulse in microseconds or gives up and returns 0 if no complete pulse was received within the timeout. 08. In case anyone is interested. Take the number of minutes, multiply it by 60 to get the number of seconds, and then multiply it by 1000 to get the number of milliseconds. . Pauses the program for the amount of time (in microseconds) specified by the parameter. A task is running the following code: // Some function delay (_speedVar); // Some function delay (_speedVar); // End of task. 81 nanoseconds (ns) which, for the speed of light, would translate to a distance of 6. Passing zero to the delayMicroseconds function leads to a huge delay. On the boards from the Arduino Portenta family this function has a resolution of one microsecond on all cores. Delay. 967295 seconds. It accepts a single integer as an argument. This example delays by 500ms: esp-idf-equivalent-to-arduino-delay. This could change in future Arduino releases. This library allows an Arduino/Genuino board to control LiquidCrystal displays (LCDs) based on the Hitachi HD44780 (or a compatible) chipset, which is found on most text-based LCDs. Which worked out to 213-160 = 53 counts (53 x 6. delayMicroseconds. 1. We can use the delayMicroseconds () function in Arduino to add delay in microseconds. agdl mentioned this issue on Jan 9, 2015. When this occurs the new user is usually. I have included 5 examples with a wiring diagram and code so you can start. the value returned is always a multiple of four). digiatlWrite (pin. Hi, I need the Arduino to provide a signal 100 - 10000 ns "high" in a 57,5 Hz cycle. Click the tab to view its contents, including detailed descriptions of the available functions. 20th Dec 2021 update: added PinFlasher class and example (included in SafeString library V4. Thanks for contributing an answer to Arduino Stack Exchange! Please be sure to answer the question. 이 함수는 3 마이크로 초 이상 범위에서 매우 정확하게 돌아간다. I have used the following code to calculate distance and it works perfectly. delay (1) = 494 Hz at flow computer. . You can, however, get a delay which is pretty close to the CPU's idea of one second. This number will overflow (go back to zero), after approximately 70 minutes. VCC and GND go to 5V and GND pins on the Arduino, and the Trig and Echo go to any digital Arduino pin. On the boards from the Arduino Portenta family this function has a resolution of one microsecond on all cores. I suspect that the delay () method somehow is disabling the I2C ISR from. pinMode (outPin, OUTPUT); // sets the digital pin as output. O problema de utilizar estas funções é que elas "pausam" a programação até terminar o tempo que foi determinado. I’m using Arduino 1. 11. Each CPU has its own interrupt latency which is dictated by the way it handles. There are a thousand microseconds in a millisecond, and a million microseconds in a second. c). ), delay() uses the micros() function which itself requires timer interrupts to increment a counter. Plenz September 19, 2015, 9:45am 1. Pauses the program for the amount of time (in microseconds) specified as parameter. delayMicroseconds関数 delayMicroseconds関数は指定した時間(μs)プログラムを止めます。 使用例 Arduino IDEで使用するdelay関数の使い方は以下の通りです。試しにこのプログラムをArduino UNOで実行すると、13ピンのLEDが蛍の様に不規則に明るさが変化します。Pauses the program for the amount of time (in microseconds) specified by the parameter. delay() . There are a thousand microseconds in a millisecond, and a million microseconds in a second. There are a thousand microseconds in a millisecond and a million microseconds in a second. There is an OC (output enable) pin which, when grounded, gives output of selected byte from 8 I/O pins. 1 or // 2 microseconds) gives delays longer than desired. Essa função funciona bastante precisamente para valores maiores que 3 microssegundos. The first parameter to attachInterrupt () is an interrupt number. If for some reason you need to use millis() in the outer. Returns the number of microseconds since the Arduino board began running the current program. There are 1,000 microseconds in one. 1 (latest) 1. You can delay that small by doing something like. It is likely that the number being passed to 'delay' is being interpreted as an int. In this video, we will know how to using new 3 functions with FreeRTOSFreeRTOS: Free Real Time Operating System FreeRTOS library on Github: - Ultrasonic Sensor. 8nS would be the pulse width limitations for regular IO commands. In general, the questions come down to: Is there a better way than delay() to wait for my data? The data sheet states a data. begin(); } void loop() { uint3. (it is limited by a 16 bit microsecond counter divided by 2). Posted by glenenglish on May 26, 2017. hàm delay () Cách hoạt động của hàm delay () khá đơn giản. TWO - a blocking delay, but one that does NOT use timers (timer0, timer1, or timer2) and is able to work with libraries which have a lot of timing issues or which corrupt millis() or timer0 counts. Arduino example sketch "Blink" allows you to specify "delay ()" between state changes in microseconds. How delay() Function Works. Is there any way to get a higher resolution microsecond click, preferably down to the 1 microsecond level? Stack Exchange Network. Description. delay() is measured in milliseconds, microseconds are just a fraction of this. (9, i); 60 delay (10); 61} 62 63 delay. The Arduino framework already includes a function for timekeeping: millis (). system October 10, 2007, 12:28am 1. To upload the code to the Arduino Board, Select the Arduino UNO Board from Tools Menu and also select the COM port. 5 microsecond wide pulse every 249 microseconds- any suggestions on a better way?. I am attempting to control a camera using. On standard servos a parameter value of 1000 is fully counter-clockwise, 2000 is fully clockwise, and 1500 is in the middle. rikoubou. The delay function will produce four times the delay at 4 MHz as it will at 16 MHz. 1 or // 2 microseconds) gives delays longer than desired. Serial communication that appears. g. Reads a pulse (either HIGH or LOW) on a pin. Serial communication that appears. 5Us pulse. 2 microsecond (High) About a 10 second Delay. 1 KHz. the value returned is always a. A partir da versão Arduino 0018, delayMicroseconds () não mais desativa interrupções. However, be aware that micros. doesn't work with delays <1 ms. 현재, 정확한 delay를 만드는 가장 큰 값은 16383. Esta función es útil para una variedad de usos, como retardos precisos en la programación de microcontroladores, medición del tiempo de respuesta, etc. micros() has a 50ns overhead compared to High Precision Timer call. Better idea is, when caller will calculate before calling delayMicroseconds () or duplicate the bit-banging routines for two (or more) different clock speeds. You can use delayMicroseconds to delay short periods. Currently, the largest value that will produce an accurate delay is 16383. Certain things do go on while the delay () function is controlling the Atmega chip, however, because the delay function does not disable interrupts. Certain things do go on while the delay () function is controlling the Atmega chip however, because the delay function does not disable interrupts. Generally you would insert NOP (No OPeration) instructions:Arduinoでパルスを読み取る方法 参考 タイマー割り込みでLEDを点滅させます 変更履歴 2019. The buzzer operates on 3-5V. Digital Pins Usable For Interrupts. unsigned long startMicros = micros (); while (micros () - startMicros < 8000000) { } BUT. A prescaler of 1024 allows for a maximum time of. 8. The code below prints the word. The time module provides the following time, date, and delay-related functions. void delayMicroseconds(unsigned int us) { // for the 16 MHz clock on most Arduino boards // for a one-microsecond delay, simply return. The delay function seems to be based on system ticks so that the delay time can be used for other tasks. 0. int outPin = 8; // digital pin 8. There are a thousand microseconds in a millisecond and a million microseconds in a second. It will be called regularly. This could change in future Arduino releases. 5ns (1/16MHz = 62. There are a thousand microseconds in a millisecond and a million microseconds in a second. "the largest value that will produce an accurate delay is 16383". I can not find any information on turning on a digital output pin for micro seconds. [imported] #576. It returns the number of milliseconds since the startup (much like a clock) and measures the time via the hardware Timer0 and it's interrupts. (approximately 0. Description. This has been accurate enough for my needs. If you want to make your Arduino sleep for 1 minute, or for multiple minutes, then it’s quite easy. I just started using Arduino and so far I've used both delay () and delayMicroseconds (). int piezoPin = 8; void setup () {} //close setup void loop () { /*Tone needs 2 arguments, but can take three 1) Pin# 2) Frequency - this is in hertz. Ideally, 500ns or less. Top. I tried to solve the problem myself, here are the ways: Way 1: Use two different functions in. When flashing the same code on an ATtiny85 with 1 MHz the us-delay is factor 8 too long. Two things: you cannot delay for 2 microseconds or 10 microseconds. 8. 0. For delays longer than a few thousand. */ void delayMicroseconds (unsigned int us) {// call = 4 cycles + 2 to 4 cycles to init us(2 for constant delay, 4 for variable) // calling avrlib's delay_us() function with low values (e. This could change in future Arduino releases. 6. Arduino 日本語リファレンス. Certain things do go on while the delay () function is controlling the Atmega chip, however, because the delay function does not disable interrupts. e. If the ISR is getting executed during your measurement, then the execution time of the ISR will. The Due can execute instructions in a single clock so the smallest delay you can add is 1/84M = 11. For delays longer than a few thousand. Initially, the timer overflows and causes interruptions when. La función delayMicroseconds() es una función incorporada en el IDE de Arduino que permite pausar temporalmente una acción durante un número específico de microsegundos. Essa função funciona bastante precisamente para valores maiores que 3 microssegundos. 25 nanoseconds) software. 2. We used the delay () function to add a delay in the code to see the output in the code. MHz May 14, 2016, 6:14pm 1. delay 가 몇 천 마이크로 초 보다 길면, 대신 delay. Esta função é melhor que a. Recent versions of the Arduino IDE/Core for AVR do Link Time Optimization, which means that calls to delayMicroseconds() where the argument is constant are likely to be optimized to the point where they become significantly inaccurate for small numbers. Some functions will not work while interrupts are disabled, and incoming communication may be ignored. VCC supplies power to the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor. A partir da versão Arduino 0018, delayMicroseconds () não mais desativa interrupções. Replaced the folder mentioned in point 3 with the Ticker folder in. I chose the ESP32 because of its 240MHz clock, but it still seems to be having trouble. However, this is not a problem: as long as you compare durations instead of timestamps you can forget about the overflows. This is apparently well known and will be. Go to Tools -> Manage Libraries and search for TimerOne and TimerThree (optional) and click Install. After each time you tell the arduino to start making a tone (this is the tone() command) add some delay. I already found an excellent example in Generating a short pulse after a delay that works in the range from ~5-32767 microseconds (it is limited by a 16 bit. Arduino 日本語リファレンス. To get a precise one microsecond delay from TM4C123GH6PM microcontroller, we use Timer1 and sunblock A that is Timer1A of TM4C123. I think this is a good project for kids to get exposed to science, engineering and maths. Continuous rotation servos allow the rotation of the shaft to be set to various speeds. Forum 2005-2010 (read only) General Frequently-Asked Questions. ) to perform the delay. Có một nghìn micro giây trong một phần nghìn giây và một triệu micro giây trong một giây. The time setting can be done manually through a network protocol or a battery backup. 5 nanoseconds". สาธิตวิธีการใช้เซนเซอร์วัดระดับน้ำแบบไร้สัมผัส รุ่น XKC-Y25-NPN ร่วมกับ Arduino Nano หรือ ESP32 เพื่อวัดระดับน้ำแบบไม่ต้องติดตั้งให้สัมผัส.